Autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes isolated from the patient’s tumor are expanded ex vivo and reinfused. These T cells recognize tumor neoantigens/tumor-associated antigens via their native T-cell receptors (MHC-restricted) and mediate anti-tumor activity through CD8+ cytotoxicity (perforin/granzyme, IFN-γ) with CD4+ T-cell support, enhancing local immune attack and remodeling the tumor microenvironment.