- Intervention: Inaticabtagene autoleucel injection — an autologous anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR‑T) therapy. Mechanism: a patient’s T cells are genetically engineered to express a CD19‑specific CAR, CAR engagement activates CD3ζ signaling with costimulation (e.g., CD28/4‑1BB), driving T‑cell activation, proliferation, cytokine release, and cytotoxic killing of target cells. Type: gene-modified cellular immunotherapy (CAR‑T). - Targets: CD19-expressing B cells, specifically malignant B‑cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia blasts, downstream immune pathways include CAR/TCR-like activation, immune synapse formation, perforin/granzyme-mediated cytotoxicity, and cytokine signaling (e.g., IL‑6/JAK‑STAT). Study: observational, real‑world, post‑marketing in adult R/R B‑ALL.