A personalized cancer vaccine composed of patient-specific tumor neoantigens administered subcutaneously to load antigen-presenting cells (primarily dendritic cells), enhance MHC I/II presentation, and expand tumor-specific CD8+ cytotoxic and CD4+ helper T cells to eliminate residual micrometastatic disease and establish immune memory in post-resection stage IIIA lung adenocarcinoma.
Personalized neoantigen peptide vaccine given subcutaneously to be taken up by antigen‑presenting cells (mainly dendritic cells), enhancing MHC I/II presentation and priming/expanding neoantigen‑specific CD8+ cytotoxic and CD4+ helper T cells to eradicate residual tumor cells and establish durable immune memory.
YES
INDIRECT
Vaccine peptides are taken up by dendritic cells and presented on MHC I/II, expanding neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cells that recognize neoepitope–MHC I on tumor cells and kill them via perforin/granzyme and Fas–FasL pathways.
Replicating arenavirus-based therapeutic cancer vaccine (Pichinde virus vector) encoding non-oncogenic HPV16 antigens to elicit tumor-specific cytotoxic T-cell responses.
Replication-attenuated arenavirus (Pichinde virus) vector encoding non-oncogenic HPV16 E6/E7 antigens transduces host cells/antigen-presenting cells, driving intracellular expression and presentation of HPV16 antigens to activate and expand HPV16-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, which recognize and kill HPV16-expressing tumor cells.
YES
INDIRECT
The vaccine induces HPV16 E6/E7–specific CD8+ T cells, which recognize E6-derived peptides on MHC I of HPV16-expressing tumor cells and kill them via perforin/granzyme-mediated cytotoxicity.
Replicating arenavirus-based therapeutic cancer vaccine (Pichinde virus vector) encoding non-oncogenic HPV16 antigens to elicit tumor-specific cytotoxic T-cell responses.
Replication-attenuated arenavirus (Pichinde virus) vector encoding non-oncogenic HPV16 E6/E7 antigens transduces host cells/antigen-presenting cells, driving intracellular expression and presentation of HPV16 antigens to activate and expand HPV16-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, which recognize and kill HPV16-expressing tumor cells.
YES
INDIRECT
The arenavirus vaccine induces HPV16 E7–specific CD8+ T cells that recognize E7 peptides on MHC I of tumor cells and kill them via perforin/granzyme-mediated CTL cytotoxicity.
Chimeric anti-CD20 IgG1 monoclonal antibody that depletes CD20+ B cells via ADCC, complement-dependent cytotoxicity, and apoptosis; brand name MabThera.
Chimeric anti‑CD20 IgG1 monoclonal antibody that binds CD20 on pre‑B and mature B cells and depletes them via antibody‑dependent cellular cytotoxicity, complement‑dependent cytotoxicity, and induction of apoptosis, thereby reducing pathogenic B‑cell and autoantibody activity.
YES
DIRECT
Rituximab binds CD20 on B cells and induces killing via Fc-mediated ADCC by NK/macrophages, complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), and can trigger apoptosis.
Autologous anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapy that redirects patient T cells to kill CD19-positive B-cell malignancies.
Autologous T cells engineered to express an anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor with CD28 costimulation and CD3ζ signaling. After infusion, CAR engagement of CD19 on B cells activates T-cell effector functions (proliferation, cytokine release, cytotoxicity) leading to selective killing of CD19-positive malignant B cells.
YES
DIRECT
Anti-CD19 CAR T cells bind CD19 and directly kill CD19+ cells via T‑cell cytotoxic mechanisms (perforin/granzyme release and Fas–FasL–mediated apoptosis).