Patient-specific synthetic peptide mixture of tumor neoantigens administered as a vaccine to elicit CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses via HLA class I/II presentation.
Patient-specific synthetic neoantigen peptides are taken up by antigen-presenting cells and presented on HLA class I and II, priming and expanding neoantigen-specific CD8+ cytotoxic and CD4+ helper T cells that recognize and lyse tumor cells expressing those neoantigens and can generate antitumor immune memory.
NO
INDIRECT
The vaccine primes neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cells that kill cells presenting the neoantigen peptide on HLA class I via perforin/granzyme. HLA-C itself is only the presenter and is not the cytotoxic target.
Autologous anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. Patient T cells are gene-modified ex vivo to express a CD19-targeting CAR and infused to deplete CD19+ B-lineage cells (naive and memory B cells, plasmablasts), aiming to reduce autoantibody production and B cell–driven inflammation in SLE.
Autologous T cells are engineered ex vivo to express a CD19-targeting chimeric antigen receptor; upon infusion they recognize and kill CD19-positive B-lineage cells (naive and memory B cells, plasmablasts) via cytotoxic mechanisms, reducing autoantibody production and B cell–driven inflammation in SLE.
YES
DIRECT
Anti-CD19 CAR T cells bind CD19 on target B cells and kill them via T-cell cytotoxic pathways (perforin/granzyme release and death-receptor apoptosis, e.g., Fas/FasL).
Patient-specific synthetic peptide mixture of tumor neoantigens administered as a vaccine to elicit CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses via HLA class I/II presentation.
Patient-specific synthetic neoantigen peptides are taken up by antigen-presenting cells and presented on HLA class I and II, priming and expanding neoantigen-specific CD8+ cytotoxic and CD4+ helper T cells that recognize and lyse tumor cells expressing those neoantigens and can generate antitumor immune memory.
NO
INDIRECT
The vaccine primes neoantigen-specific T cells that kill tumor cells presenting those neoantigen peptides on HLA molecules. HLA-DRA is only involved in antigen presentation on APCs and is not the cytotoxic target.
Patient-specific synthetic peptide mixture of tumor neoantigens administered as a vaccine to elicit CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses via HLA class I/II presentation.
Patient-specific synthetic neoantigen peptides are taken up by antigen-presenting cells and presented on HLA class I and II, priming and expanding neoantigen-specific CD8+ cytotoxic and CD4+ helper T cells that recognize and lyse tumor cells expressing those neoantigens and can generate antitumor immune memory.
NO
INDIRECT
The vaccine primes neoantigen-specific T cells; CD8+ T cells kill cells presenting the neoantigen peptides on HLA class I (and occasionally CD4 via class II). HLA-DRB1 expression itself is not the target of killing.
Patient-specific synthetic peptide mixture of tumor neoantigens administered as a vaccine to elicit CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses via HLA class I/II presentation.
Patient-specific synthetic neoantigen peptides are taken up by antigen-presenting cells and presented on HLA class I and II, priming and expanding neoantigen-specific CD8+ cytotoxic and CD4+ helper T cells that recognize and lyse tumor cells expressing those neoantigens and can generate antitumor immune memory.
NO
INDIRECT
The vaccine primes neoantigen-specific T cells; CTLs then kill tumor cells presenting those neoantigen peptides on HLA. HLA-DPA1 on APCs is used for presentation and is not itself a cytotoxic target.