Patient-specific synthetic peptide mixture of tumor neoantigens administered as a vaccine to elicit CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses via HLA class I/II presentation.
Patient-specific synthetic neoantigen peptides are taken up by antigen-presenting cells and presented on HLA class I and II, priming and expanding neoantigen-specific CD8+ cytotoxic and CD4+ helper T cells that recognize and lyse tumor cells expressing those neoantigens and can generate antitumor immune memory.
NO
INDIRECT
The vaccine primes neoantigen-specific T cells that kill tumor cells presenting those neoantigens; HLA-DPB1 on APCs is only for peptide presentation and is not a cytotoxic target.
Patient-specific synthetic peptide mixture of tumor neoantigens administered as a vaccine to elicit CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses via HLA class I/II presentation.
Patient-specific synthetic neoantigen peptides are taken up by antigen-presenting cells and presented on HLA class I and II, priming and expanding neoantigen-specific CD8+ cytotoxic and CD4+ helper T cells that recognize and lyse tumor cells expressing those neoantigens and can generate antitumor immune memory.
NO
INDIRECT
HLA-DQA1 on antigen-presenting cells displays vaccine peptides to prime T cells; the activated T cells then kill neoantigen-expressing tumor cells (perforin/granzyme). HLA-DQA1–expressing cells are not directly targeted or killed.
Patient-specific synthetic peptide mixture of tumor neoantigens administered as a vaccine to elicit CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses via HLA class I/II presentation.
Patient-specific synthetic neoantigen peptides are taken up by antigen-presenting cells and presented on HLA class I and II, priming and expanding neoantigen-specific CD8+ cytotoxic and CD4+ helper T cells that recognize and lyse tumor cells expressing those neoantigens and can generate antitumor immune memory.
NO
INDIRECT
The vaccine primes neoantigen-specific T cells that kill tumor cells presenting those neoantigen peptides (primarily via HLA class I) through perforin/granzyme-mediated lysis; HLA-DQB1 is only an antigen-presenting molecule, not the cytotoxic target.
Bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) that links CD3 on T cells to CD19 on B-cell blasts, triggering T-cell cytotoxicity.
A bispecific CD19×CD3 BiTE that binds CD3 on T cells and CD19 on B cells, bringing them into proximity to form an immune synapse and activate T-cell cytotoxicity, leading to perforin/granzyme-mediated lysis of CD19-positive B-lineage blasts independent of MHC.
YES
DIRECT
Blinatumomab bridges CD3 on T cells to CD19 on target cells, forming an immune synapse and activating T-cell cytotoxicity that kills CD19+ cells via perforin/granzyme-mediated apoptosis (MHC-independent).
Bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) that links CD3 on T cells to CD19 on B-cell blasts, triggering T-cell cytotoxicity.
A bispecific CD19×CD3 BiTE that binds CD3 on T cells and CD19 on B cells, bringing them into proximity to form an immune synapse and activate T-cell cytotoxicity, leading to perforin/granzyme-mediated lysis of CD19-positive B-lineage blasts independent of MHC.
NO
INDIRECT
Blinatumomab binds CD3ε on T cells to recruit/activate them to kill CD19+ B cells; the CD3ε+ T cells are not killed. Killing occurs via T cell perforin/granzyme after immune synapse formation against CD19-expressing targets.