First-in-human antibody-drug conjugate targeting folate receptor alpha (FRα); binds FRα, is internalized, and releases a cytotoxic payload to kill FRα-expressing tumor cells.
Humanized IgG1 ADC targeting folate receptor alpha (FRα). After FRα binding and internalization, a cleavable linker releases the topoisomerase I inhibitor exatecan, causing DNA damage (single- and double-strand breaks), cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis, with potential bystander killing of neighboring tumor cells.
YES
INDIRECT
The ADC binds FRα on tumor cells, is internalized, and releases exatecan, which inhibits DNA topoisomerase I, inducing DNA single- and double-strand breaks, cell-cycle arrest, and apoptosis; released payload may also cause bystander killing of neighboring cells expressing topoisomerase I.
Investigational therapeutic DNA vaccine (plasmid immunotherapy) encoding HPV16 E6/E7, administered intramuscularly to target antigen-presenting cells and induce HPV16-specific T-cell responses.
Plasmid DNA vaccine encoding HPV16 E6/E7 with APC-targeting/dimerization domains; after intramuscular administration, antigen-presenting cells take up the plasmid, express E6/E7, and present it via MHC I/II, inducing maturation and robust HPV16-specific CD8+ cytotoxic and CD4+ helper T-cell responses (and B-cell activation), leading to immune-mediated killing of HPV16-positive tumor cells.
YES
INDIRECT
Vaccine induces HPV16 E6/E7–specific CD8+ T cells that recognize E6-derived peptides on MHC I of HPV16+ cells and kill them via perforin/granzyme (and Fas–FasL) pathways.
Investigational therapeutic DNA vaccine (plasmid immunotherapy) encoding HPV16 E6/E7, administered intramuscularly to target antigen-presenting cells and induce HPV16-specific T-cell responses.
Plasmid DNA vaccine encoding HPV16 E6/E7 with APC-targeting/dimerization domains; after intramuscular administration, antigen-presenting cells take up the plasmid, express E6/E7, and present it via MHC I/II, inducing maturation and robust HPV16-specific CD8+ cytotoxic and CD4+ helper T-cell responses (and B-cell activation), leading to immune-mediated killing of HPV16-positive tumor cells.
YES
INDIRECT
DNA vaccine transfects APCs to present HPV16 E6/E7 peptides, priming HPV16 E7–specific CD8+ T cells that recognize E7-derived peptides on MHC I of HPV16+ tumor cells and kill them via perforin/granzyme (and Fas–FasL) cytotoxic pathways.
Autologous T cells genetically engineered to express a chimeric antigen receptor targeting GPRC5D and CD19, redirecting T-cell cytotoxicity against malignant plasma cells and B-lineage/myeloma subclones.
Autologous T cells engineered to express a chimeric antigen receptor recognizing GPRC5D and CD19 on malignant plasma cells and B-lineage/myeloma subclones; antigen engagement activates CAR signaling, triggering T‑cell activation, cytokine release, and perforin/granzyme-mediated cytotoxicity to eradicate tumor cells and reduce antigen escape.
YES
DIRECT
CAR T cells bind CD19 via the CAR; antigen engagement activates the T cell to form an immunologic synapse and kill CD19+ cells via perforin/granzyme release (and death receptor pathways).
Investigational therapeutic DNA vaccine (plasmid immunotherapy) encoding HPV16 E6/E7, administered intramuscularly to target antigen-presenting cells and induce HPV16-specific T-cell responses.
Plasmid DNA vaccine encoding HPV16 E6/E7 with APC-targeting/dimerization domains; after intramuscular administration, antigen-presenting cells take up the plasmid, express E6/E7, and present it via MHC I/II, inducing maturation and robust HPV16-specific CD8+ cytotoxic and CD4+ helper T-cell responses (and B-cell activation), leading to immune-mediated killing of HPV16-positive tumor cells.
NO
INDIRECT
The vaccine targets and is internalized by APCs via the surface receptor to enhance antigen presentation and T-cell priming; the resulting HPV16-specific CD8+ T cells then kill HPV16-positive tumor cells via TCR recognition of E6/E7 peptides on MHC I (perforin/granzyme-mediated apoptosis). APCs expressing the receptor are not directly killed.