Autologous BCMA-directed CAR T-cell therapy; patient T cells are engineered to express a CAR targeting BCMA to eliminate BCMA+ plasmablasts/long-lived plasma cells and reduce autoantibody-mediated platelet destruction.
Autologous T cells are genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor targeting BCMA; after infusion they recognize and kill BCMA-positive plasmablasts and long-lived plasma cells, depleting autoantibody-producing cells and reducing platelet-directed autoimmunity.
YES
DIRECT
BCMA-directed CAR T cells recognize BCMA on plasmablasts/plasma cells and induce T-cell cytolysis (perforin/granzyme-mediated apoptosis, with possible Fas–FasL contribution).
Intravenous anti-EGFR IgG1 monoclonal antibody that blocks ligand-dependent EGFR activation, reduces downstream RAS/MAPK signaling, and can induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).
Chimeric IgG1 monoclonal antibody targeting EGFR; binds the extracellular domain to block ligand binding and receptor dimerization, inhibiting downstream RAS/MAPK (and PI3K/AKT) signaling. Its Fc can engage ADCC against EGFR-expressing tumor cells.
YES
DIRECT
Cetuximab’s IgG1 Fc engages Fcγ receptors on NK cells and other effectors to trigger ADCC (and some complement-mediated lysis), killing EGFR-expressing cells; EGFR blockade itself is primarily cytostatic.
Autologous, second-generation anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapy. Patient T cells are gene-modified to express a CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor with CD3zeta signaling plus a costimulatory domain, driving activation, expansion, cytokine release, and cytotoxic killing of CD19-positive B-cell malignancies.
Autologous T cells are genetically engineered to express a second‑generation anti‑CD19 chimeric antigen receptor with CD3ζ signaling plus a costimulatory domain. Upon binding CD19 on B‑cell malignancies, the CAR triggers T‑cell activation, expansion, cytokine release, and cytotoxic killing of CD19‑positive cells, often resulting in depletion of normal B cells (B‑cell aplasia).
YES
DIRECT
Anti-CD19 CAR T cells bind CD19 on target B cells, activating T-cell cytotoxicity (perforin/granzyme release and death-receptor pathways) to induce apoptosis of CD19-positive cells.
Alpha-emitting radionuclide used in radioimmunotherapy; delivers short-range, high-LET radiation that induces DNA double-strand breaks when conjugated to targeting antibodies.
Astatine-211 is an alpha-emitting radionuclide that, when conjugated to a tumor-targeting antibody, delivers short-range, high-LET alpha radiation to antigen-expressing cells, producing clustered DNA double-strand breaks and rapid cell death with limited off-target exposure.
YES
DIRECT
When Astatine-211 is conjugated to a CD38-targeting antibody, it binds CD38+ cells and emits short-range, high-LET alpha particles that induce clustered DNA double-strand breaks, causing rapid cell death.
Murine anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody that targets CD38 on malignant plasma cells; used as the targeting carrier for 211At to deliver alpha radiation.
Murine anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody (OKT10-B10) conjugated to the alpha-emitter astatine-211; binds CD38 on malignant plasma cells and delivers short-range alpha radiation, causing dense ionization, DNA double-strand breaks, and targeted tumor cell death.
YES
DIRECT
Anti-CD38 antibody delivers 211At alpha radiation to CD38+ cells, producing dense ionization and DNA double‑strand breaks that kill the bound target cells.