Autologous, ex vivo–expanded tumor-reactive T cells used for adoptive cell therapy to recognize patient-specific tumor antigens and kill cancer cells.
Autologous tumor-infiltrating T cells expanded ex vivo are reinfused to target cancer via their native TCRs, recognizing patient-specific peptide–MHC tumor antigens and killing tumor cells through cytotoxic granule release and cytokine-mediated immune activation; lymphodepletion and IL-2 support engraftment and persistence.
YES
DIRECT
Adoptively transferred TILs recognize the tumor-associated peptide–HLA class I complex via their native TCR and directly kill target cells by perforin/granzyme-mediated lysis and Fas–FasL–induced apoptosis.
Autologous, ex vivo–expanded tumor-reactive T cells used for adoptive cell therapy to recognize patient-specific tumor antigens and kill cancer cells.
Autologous tumor-infiltrating T cells expanded ex vivo are reinfused to target cancer via their native TCRs, recognizing patient-specific peptide–MHC tumor antigens and killing tumor cells through cytotoxic granule release and cytokine-mediated immune activation; lymphodepletion and IL-2 support engraftment and persistence.
YES
DIRECT
Autologous TILs use their native TCRs to recognize the tumor neoantigen peptide on HLA class II and directly kill the presenting cell via perforin/granzyme release and Fas–FasL–mediated apoptosis, aided by cytotoxic cytokines (e.g., IFN-γ, TNF).
Autologous, ex vivo–expanded tumor-reactive T cells used for adoptive cell therapy to recognize patient-specific tumor antigens and kill cancer cells.
Autologous tumor-infiltrating T cells expanded ex vivo are reinfused to target cancer via their native TCRs, recognizing patient-specific peptide–MHC tumor antigens and killing tumor cells through cytotoxic granule release and cytokine-mediated immune activation; lymphodepletion and IL-2 support engraftment and persistence.
YES
DIRECT
TILs recognize the tumor-associated peptide presented by HLA class II via their native TCRs (CD4+ T cells) and kill the presenting cells through perforin/granzyme-mediated cytolysis and Fas–FasL–induced apoptosis.
Patient-specific mRNA vaccine encoding tumor neoantigens; after uptake by antigen-presenting cells (especially dendritic cells), translated antigens are presented on MHC I/II to prime and expand tumor-specific CD8+ cytotoxic and CD4+ helper T cells, broadening the TCR repertoire.
Personalized mRNA encoding tumor neoantigens is taken up by antigen-presenting cells (especially dendritic cells), translated into proteins, and processed for MHC I/II presentation, priming and expanding tumor-specific CD8+ cytotoxic and CD4+ helper T cells to broaden and strengthen anti-tumor immunity.
YES
INDIRECT
The vaccine primes/expands neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cells, which recognize the mutant peptide–HLA I complexes on tumor cells and kill them via perforin/granzyme and Fas–FasL–mediated apoptosis.
Patient-specific mRNA vaccine encoding tumor neoantigens; after uptake by antigen-presenting cells (especially dendritic cells), translated antigens are presented on MHC I/II to prime and expand tumor-specific CD8+ cytotoxic and CD4+ helper T cells, broadening the TCR repertoire.
Personalized mRNA encoding tumor neoantigens is taken up by antigen-presenting cells (especially dendritic cells), translated into proteins, and processed for MHC I/II presentation, priming and expanding tumor-specific CD8+ cytotoxic and CD4+ helper T cells to broaden and strengthen anti-tumor immunity.
YES
INDIRECT
The vaccine does not kill cells directly; it primes neoantigen-specific T cells. Activated CD8+ and cytotoxic CD4+ T cells recognize neoantigen peptides (including those presented on HLA class II when expressed by tumor cells) and kill target cells via perforin/granzyme release and Fas–FasL–mediated apoptosis.