Autologous T cells genetically engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors that recognize tumor antigens and activate T cells via CD3 signaling to kill malignant cells.
Autologous T cells are engineered to express a chimeric antigen receptor that binds tumor-associated antigens independent of MHC and activates T-cell signaling (CD3ζ with costimulatory domains such as CD28 or 4-1BB), leading to proliferation and targeted cytotoxic killing of malignant cells via perforin/granzyme release and cytokine-mediated immune activation.
YES
DIRECT
BCMA-specific CAR T cells bind BCMA on target cells and, upon CAR (CD3ζ±costim) activation, kill them via perforin/granzyme-mediated lysis and apoptosis (with additional Fas/FasL and cytokine-mediated cytotoxicity).
Bispecific monoclonal antibodies that bind a tumor-associated antigen and CD3 on T cells to redirect cytotoxic T-cell activity against malignant cells.
Bispecific monoclonal antibodies that simultaneously bind CD3 on T cells and a tumor-associated antigen on malignant cells, crosslinking T cells to tumor targets to trigger CD3-mediated activation, immunologic synapse formation, and perforin/granzyme-mediated cytotoxic killing.
NO
INDIRECT
Bispecific binds CD3 on T cells and a tumor antigen on cancer cells, activating T cells to kill the tumor via perforin/granzyme; CD3+ T cells themselves are not killed.
Antibody-drug conjugate targeting a tumor-associated cell-surface antigen; internalizes and releases a cytotoxic payload (e.g., topoisomerase I or microtubule-targeting warhead) to kill cancer cells.
An anti-CLDN18.2 IgG1 antibody-drug conjugate with a cleavable linker to a topoisomerase I inhibitor. After binding CLDN18.2 on tumor cells, it is internalized and the linker is cleaved to release the payload, which inhibits topoisomerase I, blocks DNA replication, and triggers cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in CLDN18.2-expressing cancer cells.
NO
INDIRECT
The ADC binds CLDN18.2 (not DNA topoisomerase I), is internalized, and releases a topoisomerase I inhibitor that kills CLDN18.2-positive cells; topo I is only the intracellular enzyme target of the payload, not the determinant of which cells are killed.
Bispecific monoclonal antibodies that bind a tumor-associated antigen and CD3 on T cells to redirect cytotoxic T-cell activity against malignant cells.
Bispecific monoclonal antibodies that simultaneously bind CD3 on T cells and a tumor-associated antigen on malignant cells, crosslinking T cells to tumor targets to trigger CD3-mediated activation, immunologic synapse formation, and perforin/granzyme-mediated cytotoxic killing.
YES
DIRECT
The bispecific antibody binds CD19 on target cells and CD3 on T cells, forming an immunologic synapse that activates T cells to kill CD19+ cells via perforin/granzyme-mediated cytotoxicity (and Fas–FasL apoptosis).
Bispecific monoclonal antibodies that bind a tumor-associated antigen and CD3 on T cells to redirect cytotoxic T-cell activity against malignant cells.
Bispecific monoclonal antibodies that simultaneously bind CD3 on T cells and a tumor-associated antigen on malignant cells, crosslinking T cells to tumor targets to trigger CD3-mediated activation, immunologic synapse formation, and perforin/granzyme-mediated cytotoxic killing.
YES
DIRECT
The bispecific antibody binds BCMA on target cells and CD3 on T cells, forming an immunologic synapse that activates T cells to release perforin and granzymes, inducing apoptosis of BCMA-expressing cells.